IDEOLOGY

THE TERM WAS COINED BY THE FRENCH PHILOSOPHER DESTUTT DE TRACY TO DESCRIBE THE SCIENCE OF IDEAS, THAT WOULD ENABLE PEOPLE TO RECOGNIZE THEIR PREJUDICES AND BIASES.

TOP POINTS FOR MY RESEARCHES:

MARXIST THEORY RESTS ON THE BELIEVE THAT ALL CULTURAL PRODUCTS ( COMMODITIES, TEXTS, WORKS OF ART) ARE THE RESULT OF SOCIAL AND MATERIAL PRACTICES, WITHIN HISTORY AS A DIALECTIC PROCESS. (CAVALLARO PG 77).

MARX:

WHY DO WE STIL ENJOY ANCIENT GREEK ART, BEING AN OBSOLETE MODE OF REPRODUCTION?

MAX RAPHAEL: RELEVANT TO LATER CULTURES.

MARX:

CAPITALIST ECONOMY REPRESS THE BODY AND THE WORLD OF SENSES-PROMOTING PRIVATE PROPERTY REDUCES THE RICHNESS OF SENSUOUS LIFE INTO AN URGE FOR HAVING-POSSESSING.

GRAMSCI:

CONCEPT OF HEGEMONY: PERSUADING THE SUBORDINATED SOCIAL GROUPS TO ACCEPT THE SYSTEM OF CULTURAL VALUES TREASURED BY THE RULING GROUP AS UNIVERSALLY VALID AND EMBEEDED IN HUMAN NATURE.

HEGEL:

THE TRAJECTORY OF HUMAN HISTORY AS A GRADUAL REVELATION OF THE SPIRIT IN ITS EVOLUTION TOWARDS SELF-CONCIOUSNESS TOWARDS HIGHER ENDS, GAINS COHERENCE FROM HIS IMMATERIAL CONCEPT.

MARX:

ANY HISTORICAL CHANGE WILL ALWAYS DEPEND ON MATERIAL TRANSFORMATIONS ON THA BASE AND ON THE WAYS IN WHICH CLASS STRUGGLE MANIFESTS ITSELF.

HEGEL:

MATERIAL AND SENSUOUS FORMS OF ARTWORKS ARE ONLY EPHEMERAL MANIFESTATIONS OF DEEP PHILOSOPHICAL MESSAGES.

SOCIALIST REALISM EXAGGERATED THE CONCEPT ADAPTING IT INTO PROPAGANDA END.

THEODOR ADORNO:

THE GREATNESS OF THE WORK OF ART LIES IN THEIR POWER TO LET THOSE THINGS BE HEARD (ART-REALITY-KNOWLEDGE), WHICH IDEOLOGY CONCEALS.

(ART)-SUPERIOR FORM OF COGNITION IN CONTRAST WITH THE FUSION OF CULTURE AND ENTERTAINMENT FOSTERED BY MAS PRODUCTION-CONSUMPTION.

MICHEL FOUCAULT(1926-84):

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NORMAL AND ABNORMAL SUBJECTS. THE IDEA OF NORMALITY CAN ONLY BE ASSERTED AGAINT AN OTHER THAT DEVIATES FROM AN AUTHORIZED NORM.

SURVEILLANCE, CONTROL, INSTITUTIONS, PRISON SYSTEM, DISCIPLINARY MECHANISM.

LOUIS ALTHUSSER(1918-90):

IDEOLOGICAL STATE APPARATUS, ECONOMIC DETERMINISM.

THE ECONOMIC BASE DETERMINES POLITICS AND IDEOLOGY, BUT AT THE SAME TIME, IT DEPENDS ON POLITICS AND IDEOLOGY AS THE VERY CONDITIONS OF ITS EXISTENCE.

IDEOLOGY DOES NOT MERELY REFLECTS SOCIETY'S ECONOMIC BASE BUT HAS ITS OWN MATERIAL EXISTENCE AS A PRACTICE OF PRODUCTION.